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Yin Shunshun, head of the big model technology of Soul App, an interest social platform, mentioned in an interview with AFP earlier: "9.1% of young people in China will regard AI socializing or virtual people as an important option to provide emotional value when they are lonely, or to end loneliness".

It is reported that nearly 80% of Soul’s monthly users are Z-generation young people. Soul’s virtual partner "AI Gou Dan" has been well received by users since its launch. Yin Shunshun added that users will send more than 70 messages to Goudan every day on average, and the average interaction time is more than 30 minutes. In addition, AI will often update the moments of related topics, interact with users, and receive praises, comments and forwards from a large number of users.

For young users, AI is like a "social cow" who is resourceful and responsive. In addition to setting the gender, age and hobbies of Goudan, users can also create a personal design for it, making it their own exclusive and unique virtual partner.

Yin Shunshun pointed out that it is better to "domesticate" AI than to train it. This is very similar to the "domestication" relationship in the fairy tale "The Little Prince". In the book, the little fox said to the little prince, "please tame me." In essence, "domestication" is a process of establishing emotional connection through companionship. The same is true for AI. Every message that users send to AI Gou Egg can enhance its understanding of users’ needs. The more they talk, the stronger their personalization.

First, AI Goudan’s "social cow" interaction ability

It is understood that AI Goudan currently shows the ability of integration in personification, knowledge, multimodal and time perception.

For example, when a user sends a picture of a dinner party to AI Goudan, it will "guess" that it is a birthday dinner based on time perception and accurate picture recognition, and send a blessing after being confirmed by the user. At the same time, AI Goudan can accurately identify the crayfish in the picture and extend the topic of how to cook crayfish with users.

This ability is also expanding. It will analyze and deconstruct the content shared by Soul users, share topics and contents that the other party may be interested in, and chat with users enthusiastically. It will also comment on the content sent by users, which is an unexpected surprise for users who pay attention to it. Not only that, AI Goudan can also precipitate memories and build a virtual partner with user-specific memories based on the historical chat content with users.

Soul has publicly stated that the technology that AI relies on is the self-developed SoulX model. At present, SoulX has the capabilities of prompt-driven, conditional controllable generation, context understanding and multimodal understanding.

While ensuring smooth, natural and emotional dialogue, SoulX also covers hundreds of fine-grained risk categories, and builds a security system by training strategies such as data security screening, security SFT data construction, RLHF security alignment, and inference interception, which ensures the quality and security of content production of large models.

Second, AI’s social skills are constantly iteratively upgraded based on public domain scenarios.

Soul itself is an interest social platform, which has the dual attributes of "social+community"; AI relies on social and community content scenarios to iterate and upgrade data and provide users with related functions and services.

People who have played Soul will find that the public domain functions on the platform, such as "content square (similar to WeChat friends circle)" and "group chat party (similar to clubhouse voice group chat)", have now formed a small community with unique culture and temperament based on the product "social interest" positioning.

Because of the "decentralized" mechanism of Soul, ordinary people’s small emotions and ideas can be quickly responded in the community. One-to-one "community" interaction creates the possibility for further and more diversified "socialization".

As a social platform that laid out AI earlier and was loved by young people, Soul is an important platform for the younger generation to contact and experience AIGC. In order to create a better community space, Soul uses artificial intelligence technology to create products and functions such as "AI Goudan", "AI Painting" and "Soul Sub-singer". Novel and interesting functions are always shared by users after experience, which also accelerates the active community atmosphere of Soul.

It is these contents that "domesticate" AI. In a number of community public domain functions, AI Goudan can learn the language of young users for iterative upgrading, and gradually domesticate AI Goudan into a virtual "person" with emotional interaction function.

Third, human-computer interaction has become the social key for young people.

At the end of 2023, Just So Soul, a content research institute under Soul, included "human-computer interaction" in the social keywords of the 2024 Social Trends Insight Report.

According to the report, contemporary young people have an average of two friends who talk about everything, 24% of them say that they have no friends who can talk about everything, and they are "a lone ranger", and 15% of them only have one close friend. Loneliness is still the main problem that plagues young people. 64.5% of young people "feel lonely" from time to time this year, and 33.56% of them feel lonely at many times.

When lonely, besides friends in the real world, young people are seeking the companionship brought by "virtual people and virtual idols". According to the survey data of Soul, 95% of young people hold a neutral attitude towards AIGC, and the three key factors for everyone to recognize AIGC are high entertainment interest, making life more convenient and improving work efficiency.

The application of AIGC in content generation has successfully mobilized the enthusiasm of young users in exploring social interests, and made Soul’s community not only a virtual world, but also an ecosystem that allows users to participate, interact and create content.

When "human-computer interaction" is accepted by more and more people, everyone’s social boundaries are constantly expanding. Yin Shunshun pointed out that in the future, people’s social relations must be the coexistence of acquaintance socialization, stranger socialization and virtual socialization, and virtual socialization will also be a powerful supplement to social relations. Virtual partners never want to take people for themselves. When AI talks with introverted users, it will encourage such users to go out (in their own way) and explore the wider world.

Yin Shunshun said that AI Goudan is actively upgrading, and it may be upgraded to more social scenes such as voice rooms in the future to play the role of atmosphere group or warming agent to improve social efficiency and quality. "Soul’s vision is that there will be no lonely people in the world, and I believe that through AI technology, more partners can be made — — Virtual partners including AI technology — — Build a diverse social relationship together. Yin Shunshun said.

Source: Internet

The 500-year-old legend of culture and education has stepped forward, and the rise of Guangzhou’s educational scholarship in the Ming and Qing Dynasties has left a reverberation here. Now Guangzhou Education Lide Shuren writes a new chapter. There is an education road in the business circle of Beijing Road in Guangzhou, which is about 500 meters long and looks ordinary, but it hides the cultural and educational legend of Guangzhou that lasted for hundreds of years. Since the Ming Dynasty, the area around Education Road has been the location of the highest cultural and educational official office in Guangdong, where the Education Department in the Ming Dynasty, the Education Department in the Qing Dynasty, the Education Committee in the Republic of China and the current Guangzhou Education Bureau are located. Zhong Ling is beautiful and rich in culture. Strolling around this area, the history of Shufang Street, Mingxian Square, Jiuyao Square, Yaozhou Ruins, the School Group of Big and Small Horse Stations, and the school gate of the original Education Road seems to be coming from just visiting. Brilliant memory of Ming and Qing Dynasties Guangdong’s highest cultural and educational center settled in Yaozhou, which was honored as "the place where the classics were transmitted to the south" and "Wenzong". From South Gate, Da ‘nan Road, Yuexiu District, to the north, across Shufang Street, it is the starting point of Education Road, and the junction with Zhongshan Road to the north is the end point. In the history of education in Guangdong, this place has an extremely important position. The provincial education authorities in Ming and Qing Dynasties were established in the second year of Yaozhou Ming Zhengtong (1437), and Guangzhou was the highest official in charge of culture and education in Guangdong. In the first year of Jiajing (1522), that is, 500 years ago, Guangdong Tuxue Daodao Department settled in Guyaozhou area of Jinjiedu Road, and the Ming system remained unchanged in Qing Dynasty, but its name was changed to prefect Xuezheng Department, and the official in charge was called Xuezheng for short. It’s no accident that both the Tuxue Daoism Department in the Ming Dynasty and the Prefect Xuezheng Department in the Qing Dynasty were located in the area of Guyaozhou, Jinjiao Road.Liu Yan, the founder of the Southern Han Dynasty in the Five Dynasties, ordered people to dig a large artificial lake called Xianhu, also known as West Lake. The small island in the lake is full of flowers and precious medicines. According to legend, Liu Yan often gathers alchemists and refines medicine pills on the island, hence the name "Medicine Island". After the Song Dynasty, Yaozhou became a scenic spot for literati to go boating and recite poems. Zhou Dunyi, the ancestor of Neo-Confucianism, once lived here, and later people built Lianxi Academy by the lake to show their respect for him. Mi Fei, a great painter and painter who is addicted to stone, once came here and happily wrote the inscription "Yaozhou". In the Ming Dynasty, "Yaozhou Chunxiao" was selected as one of the eight scenic spots in Yangcheng. Therefore, it is logical that the learned scholar who came out of the Imperial Academy set up a provincial cultural and educational hub here. Yaozhou site near Education Road, with antique characters on the wall, was the local government office in charge of culture and education administration in a province of Guangdong in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was roughly equivalent to today’s provincial education department, and even had a higher status. Ye Chun, a Lingnan poet in the Ming Dynasty, praised the lofty position of this place with "the land of southern China’s classics" in "Yong Zhou". In the Qing Dynasty, the prefect’s academic administration department was also regarded as the enlightenment center of "connecting the literary style of a province", so it was honored as "literate Sect" and was the supreme of Guangdong local literary world in the Qing Dynasty. The tasks of academic administration in Qing Dynasty were very complicated, involving various local cultural and educational work such as ideology, culture, education, publishing and cultural relics. According to the Qing Dynasty scholar Huang Benji’s List of Official Positions in Qing Dynasty, learning politics "is not only responsible for supervising the academic actions of school students, but also in charge of all matters related to education, cultural relics and academics in the places under its jurisdiction". The prefect’s academic administration department is highly respected in the education sector.Scholar and juror in all previous imperial examinations have been approved, recommended and published by Lai Xuezheng Department, so it is the highest local cultural and educational institution that students look forward to. This point can also be proved by the prosperous scenery of nearby schools. Guangdong’s academic and political team is full of economics. One of the most important tasks of education officials is to promote education and run schools. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the academy system that had been included in the official school system in the Yuan Dynasty, and supported the official school exclusively. The government, state and county all set up official schools, and achieved the achievement that "the school was flourishing, which was not as good as that since the Tang and Song Dynasties". Xuegong was an official school at that time, and there were three university palaces in Guangzhou history: Guangfu Xuegong, Panyu Xuegong and Nanhai Xuegong. The first two were built in Song Dynasty; Panyu Xuegong was built in the third year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. As Panyu County School in Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was called "Lingnan No.1 University". Although the official school was unprecedented, in the early Ming Dynasty, the development of the academy entered a century of silence. In the 137 years after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, only one new academy was opened in Guangzhou, namely Chongzheng Academy, which was opened in the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1437), and just the year before, that is, in the first year of Ming Yingzong’s orthodoxy (1436), the court set up the post of scholar-promoting officer. In the late Ming Dynasty, with the loosening of the imperial policy towards academies, academies began to develop. With the wide spread of Wang Shouren’s theory of Zhan Ruoshui, more scholars and officials have devoted themselves to the development of the academy. Many scholars also hope to do something, and building an academy outside the official school is one of their choices, which makes a new pattern of education and culture in the Ming Dynasty. According to statistics, there were more than 200 academies in Guangdong in the Ming Dynasty.The number ranks among the top three in the country. By the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong’s cultural and educational level was close to that of the Central Plains and Jiangnan. In the Qing Dynasty, scholars were all imperial envoys sent by the imperial court, all of whom were knowledgeable. Because Guangdong is regarded as a land of "humanities extraction" and wealth, Guangdong’s academic expectations and official ranks are higher than those of other provinces, and there are many prominent people, including not only top scholars, second-place scholars, and flower-exploring scholars, such as Deng Zhongyue and Chen Dehua, but also celebrities and scholars with real talents and practical learning, such as Hui Shiqi, Weng Fanggang and Qian Daxin, which can be called the heyday of the lineup. Successive education officials at all levels have carefully managed and trained a large number of rising stars, making Guangzhou, which is far away in Lingnan, one of the famous academic centers in China. Academic officials and scholars also undertake the tradition of giving lectures and mentoring in person. Hui Shiqi is famous for his numerous students and disciples. He Mengyao, Lao Xiaoyu, Luo Tian Chi, Su ‘er, Chen Shihe, Chen Haipin, Wu Shizhong and Wu Qiushi were all taught by Hui Shiqi and became famous, calling them "eight children of Huimen". Weng Fanggang, a scholar, often gives lectures to students under the ancient banyan tree in Jiuyaoshi, Yaozhou. These officials and scholars played an exemplary role in training Guangdong talents, and also played a considerable role in promoting the education development in Guangzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In Jiuyaofang area, there used to be many academies seeking novelty and change in modern times. Chen Li’s books were widely involved in calendar calculation, music and rhyme. From then on, the "Dongshu School" spread to the Central Plains at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and stereotyped writing, which lasted for several dynasties, exposed many drawbacks, and the concept of seeking novelty and change became more and more prosperous. Coupled with the spread of western learning to the east, it has had a great impact on Guangzhou education.With the support of Ruan Yuan, Zhang Zhidong and other local officials who have a special liking for education, new educational institutions, such as Xuehaitang and Guangya Academy, which are different from traditional official schools and academies, have emerged one after another, laying the foundation for the modernization of education in Guangdong. Xuehaitang and Dongshu School emphasize practical learning. Ruan Yuan, who once studied politics in Shandong and Zhejiang, has a profound cultural accomplishment and attaches great importance to education. In 1820, Ruan Yuan, then the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, founded Xuehaitang Academy in Guangzhou, arguing that the education of the Academy should be "based on moral education, not on the name of the subject", which means that the Academy is to reward people with good moral character and good knowledge, not to seek fame and fortune. With his strong support, Xuehaitang became the academic and cultural center of Guangdong in the late Qing Dynasty, which not only gathered a group of famous Guangdong Confucian classics, but also cultivated a group of backbone figures of Lingnan culture. Ruan Yuan’s educational idea of attaching importance to practical learning is naturally implemented in Xuehaitang’s education. Unlike previous academies, Xuehaitang does not aim at imperial examinations. Besides the study of scripture history, it also teaches astronomy, geography, mathematics and natural history. Xuehaitang has cultivated many cutting-edge figures in the ideological and educational circles, such as Zou Boqi, who is known as the "Sage of Southern Guangdong", Liang Tinggan, who "opened his eyes to see the world", and Liang Qichao, who advocated reform and political reform, etc., all of whom originated from Xuehaitang. Under this background, the "Dongshu School" headed by Chen Li, the senior of Xuehaitang, also entered the educational stage. Chen Li, a native of Guangzhou, has spent almost all her life in Guangzhou, except going to Beijing to study for exams. He has no prominent family and academic origins, and the reason why he can become everyone,Mainly due to the strong academic atmosphere in Guangdong at that time. Chen Li is a real "master of learning", who dabbles in classical Chinese, mathematics, astronomy, geography, phonology and music, and is especially good at exegetics and textual research. However, it is such a well-read man who spent 19 years in the imperial examination, and failed to take part in the examination for many times in Sun Shan. Chen Li, who was frustrated in the imperial examination, turned to admire Gu Yanwu’s thought of practical application, advocated that only the classics can be applied, and tried his best to abandon the empty style of study and stress practical learning. He believed that reading must make sense, and opposed the scholars who only sought to explain the textual research without clarifying the academic attitude of righteousness. This is reflected in academics, that is, the vague and empty theory of metaphysics gives way to practical knowledge to solve practical problems. Chen Li is a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, with more than 120 kinds of works in his life. The most influential work is "Dong Shu Du Shu", which covers the dispute between Sinology and Zhuxue in the Qing Dynasty, as well as philology, phonology, geography, calendar and music, etc., and makes a comprehensive and systematic textual research and discussion on the philology works of Jing, Shi, Zi and the previous generation. It took Chen Li 30 years before and after, and it is also a masterpiece that established his academic status and helped Guangdong become a new cultural and academic center. Chen Li trained a large number of talented ministers in the late Qing Dynasty, such as Liao Tingxiang, Wen Tingshi, Liang Dingfen and Feng Junguang. His academic achievements and style of study have been passed down for decades, affecting the whole country. As Zhang Zhidong said, "Shu Ji has since spread to the Central Plains from Dongshu School". Until modern times, Chen Li was still highly respected by scholars.Mr. Qian Mu devoted a chapter to Chen Li in his famous book "The Academic History of China for Nearly 300 Years", which was discussed in detail. In particular, he affirmed that he had "made painstaking efforts and made outstanding achievements" in reconciling Sinology and Song Studies and opening up a new style of study. The Westernization School founded the first foreign language "training class" in Guangzhou. For a long time, Guangzhou has a special position in foreign economic and cultural exchanges and frequent exchanges with overseas countries. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a number of new educational institutions "open their eyes to see the world" appeared in China, and Guangzhou, which has always been the pioneer, stood at the forefront again. In June, 1864, the Westernization School of the Qing government built the Guangzhou Tongwen Pavilion (the site of the present-day primary school) in Chaotian Street. Guangzhou Tongwen Museum imitated the modern western school system from the beginning and became one of the earliest foreign language schools in China. With the development of the situation, only teaching English can no longer meet the actual needs. Guangzhou Tongwen Library has also offered courses in French, German, Russian and Japanese, and finally developed into a specialized school for teaching five foreign languages. Guangzhou Tongwen Museum initially had a school system of 3 years, and later the school system increased to 8 years. In addition to foreign languages, there are also mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, physics, public law of nations, world history and geography. From 1864 to 1911, Guangzhou Tongwen Museum trained many foreign language professionals and occupied a place in the history of modern education in Guangdong. Guangdong School of Law and Politics is the second school of law and politics in China. The Westernization School of the Qing government has successively opened many new schools in Guangzhou. In 1881, Zhang Shusheng, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, established the Guangdong Practical Learning Museum in cheung chau island, Huangpu, Guangzhou. The teaching contents and methods were modeled after those of modern schools.In 1884, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, renamed it the Guangdong erudite museum, and founded the Guangdong Land and Water Teachers College on this basis. With the support of Zhang Zhidong, Wang Mingluan, a Guangdong scholar, and Li Dianlin, a Guangxi scholar, jointly invited the imperial court to establish Guangya Academy. In 1888, Guangya Academy was founded, and made great efforts to innovate teaching contents and methods, becoming the most important academy in Guangdong in the late Qing Dynasty. In 1905, Cen Chunxuan, then Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, founded the Guangdong Law and Politics School, which is the second law and politics school in China, and Guangxu appointed Xia Tonghe, the top scholar, as the school supervisor. Originally, the school site was located in the Education Department near Jinjie Road. In 1907, the school moved to the back street of Tianguanli at that time (later changed to "Fazheng Road") and invested heavily in building school buildings and gardens. The school building was "beautiful and magnificent" and offered courses such as civil law, commercial law, criminal law, civil procedure law, criminal procedure law, public international law and private international law. For the officials at that time, these courses were really like gobbledygook, which made people dizzy and made them want to run. However, "running away" can only be thought about. If local officials evade the entrance examination, or find an excuse not to enter school after passing the examination, they will be suspended for investigation and forced to enter school. After the Revolution of 1911, the Law and Politics School was renamed Guangdong Public Law and Politics College and merged into the National Guangdong University in 1924. However, these new government-run schools have always been "seeking change" under the traditional restrictions, and finally failed to smoothly evolve into modern schools. However, they laid the foundation for the modernization of education in Guangdong.A large number of trained talents have become a significant force to promote social progress in China. Before the beginning of the 20th century, Guangzhou started the "six-three-three academic system", which has been popularized all over the country. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, Guangzhou took the lead in educational reform, established a relatively complete and scientific educational system, and promoted the development of education in the Republic of China to some extent. At that time, Guangdong Provincial No.1 Middle School (formerly Guangya College) took shape as a modern middle school and became a model of education in the whole province and even the whole country. Guangdong took the lead in implementing the "six-three-three-three academic system", which was gradually popularized throughout the country. Zhixin Middle School took the lead in implementing the "633" academic system. In 1921, the Guangdong Provincial Education Commission was established to promote modern primary education. At first, many parents were reluctant to send their children to new schools. They thought that reading four books and five classics was more promising than reading mathematics and physics, and they didn’t like coeducation. To this end, Guangzhou set up a "roving teacher" system, which is to give subsidies to teachers in new schools, so that they can take turns to teach new knowledge in nearby private schools in their spare time, with the focus on teaching manual courses and abacus. After half a year, parents saw that their children were good at painting and learning to use abacus, and gradually they were willing to send their children to new schools. The most noteworthy thing about Guangzhou education in this period is the reform of academic system. In 1912, referring to the Japanese academic system, the government of the Republic of China limited the duration of secondary school to four years. However, this kind of academic system was quickly criticized by all parties, and it has been implemented for less than 10 years to the point where it can’t be changed. In 1919,The National Education Federation began to discuss the revision of the academic system and asked all localities to formulate specific reform plans. In 1921, the Guangdong New Academic System Research Association was established in Guangzhou, and soon discussed and worked out a new academic system plan. It was suggested that the primary school should be six years, and the middle school should be extended from the past four years to six years, divided into junior and senior levels, each with three years. This is the "six-three-three" academic system that has been used to this day. At that time, among the plans submitted by various places, the National Education Federation decided that the "633" academic system in Guangdong was more suitable for the actual psychological and physiological development of students, so it was determined as the national academic system. Because this year is the year of Renxu in the old calendar, it is also called "Renxu academic system". In 1950s, the standard building of Peiying Middle School implemented the "633" academic system, and Guangzhou took the lead. At that time, it happened that the directors of Guangzhou Private Zhixin School (founded in 1921, now Zhixin Middle School) participated in the formulation of the plan. Zhixin School took the lead in adopting a brand-new academic system, recruiting students from the sixth grade of primary school and the third grade of junior high school, and offering three subjects of pre-university, home economics and normal school in senior high school, taking the lead in implementing the "633" academic system in China. The old school road of Guangzhou No.3 Middle School was built in Shipai University Park. In the 1920s and 1930s, various ideological trends surged, and a large number of outstanding young people gathered in Guangzhou. During this period, Guangzhou’s higher education and professional education emerged, a number of universities such as Sun Yat-sen University were founded, and the university parks around Wushan and Shipai took shape. Guangzhou ranks among the top three educational cities in China, and many educational ideas formed in those years are popular today. Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen founded the National Guangdong University in 1924.In 1926, it was named National Sun Yat-sen University. Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Feng Youlan, etc. once taught at CUHK, among which the most famous are the two "Wenwu" schools founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1924, one is Huangpu Military Academy, and the other is Sun Yat-sen University today. In 1924, Guangdong Normal University, Guangdong Public University of Law and Politics and Guangdong Public Agricultural College merged and upgraded to National Guangdong University, and in July 1926, it was officially renamed National Sun Yat-sen University. Dr. Sun Yat-sen condensed his educational ideas into the mottos of these two schools. Among them, the mottos of the National Guangdong University are "erudite, interrogative, thoughtful, discerning and faithful", which means that learning should be widely involved, targeted questions should be asked, comprehensive thinking should be learned, clear judgment should be formed, and practice should be guided by the knowledge and ideas gained. Besides Sun Yat-sen University, another remarkable university in Guangzhou is Lingnan University. In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a saying in the education circle: "There is Cai Yuanpei in the north and Zhong Rongguang in the south." Zhong Rongguang was the first Chinese president of Lingnan University. Lingnan University is the first university in China to recognize degrees and exchange foreign students with famous American universities, and to co-educate men and women. In 1927, through unremitting efforts, teachers and students of Lingnan University, such as Zhong Rongguang, took Lingnan University back from the American church and returned it to Chinese, with Zhong Rongguang as the first Chinese president. During his tenure, Zhong Rongguang clearly put forward the principle of "academic first".Build Lingnan University into a comprehensive university with modern disciplines such as liberal arts college, business college, agricultural college, engineering college and medical college. When the departments were adjusted in 1950s, Lingnan University merged with related majors of National Sun Yat-sen University to form the new Sun Yat-sen University and South China Institute of Technology. South China Normal University was founded in 1933, and the history of normal education can be traced back to Guangzhou Normal School founded in 1921. In addition, Guangzhou is also ahead of the times in art education. Guangzhou Municipal Art School is one of the representatives, which is the first public art school in South China. In 1922, at the suggestion of Xu Chongqing, Hu Gentian founded the Guangzhou Fine Arts School. Hu Gentian attaches great importance to basic education, advocates academic freedom, is inclusive, teaches basic skills with modern methods, and sets up systematic and standardized courses. He also specially sent people abroad to order more than 10 plaster statues to ensure the standardization of sketch courses. It can be said that Guangzhou Municipal School of Fine Arts opened a precedent for modern fine arts education in Guangdong and laid a foundation for modern fine arts education in China. The number of college students in contemporary Lide Shuren has become the first university town in China as a "new landmark" of education. There is always an open atmosphere and a tolerant embrace, which makes more people willing to stop for her. Today’s education road is still a "punch-in" point for people to experience Guangzhou’s education and culture, although there is no prefect academic administration department. Students are reading in the library, and there are scenery and education roads outside the window. Hundreds of ancestral halls and academies have gathered to go south from Zhongshan Fifth Road.Next to the Education Road is the Ho Academy, which was listed in the first batch of historical buildings in Guangzhou, and opposite the Academy is the Yaozhou site. Next door to Yaozhou Ruins is the Southern Theatre, which was built in 1937. Further on, it is the intersection of Jiaoyu Road and Xihu Road. The Yaozhou site along the Education Road has a thousand-year-old book fragrance. During the urban construction of Guangzhou in the 1920s and 1930s, the seat of the Academic Affairs Department in the Qing Dynasty was divided into four parts. The east-west road is today’s West Lake Road, and the north-south road is Education Road. As the saying goes, "Long Tibetan Flowing Water Well, Horse Station Qingshui Bridge" means that hundreds of ancestral halls and academies once gathered along Education Road and West Lake Road, Longzang Street, Flowing Water Well and Da Ma Station. The former site of Lujiang Academy opposite Guangzhou Education Bureau is located at No.29 Liushuijing. Founded in 1808, the academy has a history of more than 200 years. In 2018, it was transformed into Lingnan Finance Museum. No.69 Education Road is the original Education Road Primary School, which was built in 1927 and adjacent to Guangzhou Education Bureau. This school also has a history of nearly a hundred years. In June 2019, Education Road Primary School was merged into Huimin Primary School. The Millennium Business Capital, Centennial Flower Market, Education Road and West Lake Road were once the resorts for Guangzhou people to visit the flower market. The formation of Guangzhou Flower Market can be traced back to the Ming Dynasty. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lunar New Year Fair was gradually formed. From the 28th day of the twelfth lunar month to New Year’s Eve, Guangzhou people must go to the flower market "Walking Flower Street" every year, which is the custom of "old Guangzhou", especially the flower market on Education Road and Xihu Road enjoys the reputation of "Hundred Years Flower Market". The glorious past is precipitated in the noise of the city, but it still shines.As today’s education department, Guangzhou Education Bureau is still rooted here, educating people by virtue, and striving to build a new education system of "fairness, Excellence, vitality, innovation, openness and tolerance". Nowadays, the quality of basic education in Guangzhou is balanced. In September this year, 96 public schools/schools (parks) were newly put into use in Guangzhou, and a number of private schools ushered in the first semester after the "transfer to public", and the number of public degrees in basic education was expanded to 145,000. Openness and tolerance is the urban culture of Guangzhou, which attracts talents from all corners of the country to settle in Guangzhou, which also determines that Guangzhou education must be open and inclusive to meet the needs of cultivating people. Guangzhou adopts collectivization to realize the balanced development of education. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, Guangzhou added 482 basic education schools with 344,500 degrees. As of March 2022, 131 education groups have been established in the basic education stage of the city, covering all sections of primary and secondary schools and kindergartens, so that more children can "read books" at home. Among them, 21 education groups were rated as the training objects of provincial-level high-quality basic education groups, ranking first in the province. Guangzhou’s vocational education leads the country. Two years ago, 24-year-old Zeng Junqin, a first-line craftsman of Guangqi Honda, walked into the Great Hall of the People for the first time and took the stage as a "national model worker" to receive the award. This honor is the highest affirmation for front-line workers and skilled workers. Zeng Junqin’s success is inseparable from the growth opportunities given by the company and the skills competition platform given by his school. Previously, Zeng Junqin was a student in a vocational school in Guangzhou.From a boy who was obsessed with playing games before entering school, to winning the first prize in the National Skills Competition when he graduated, and then stepping into the society to realize his dream of serving the country with skills: his growth process is a microcosm of Guangzhou’s vocational skills education leading the country. In the university town, you can attend "many universities" in four years. Today, Guangzhou has assembled 97% of national key disciplines and 80% of universities in Guangdong Province. It is one of the most developed cities in China and the most densely populated city in southern China, with the largest number of college students in the country. According to the data of Guangzhou Education Bureau, in 2022, there were 84 ordinary colleges and universities in Guangzhou, with a total of 1.549 million students, and seven national "double-class" universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology and South China Agricultural University, were truly the city of culture and education. South China University of Technology can be traced back to the provincial first-class industrial school established in 1918. It was formally established in 1952 as one of the "four major engineering schools" in new China. In the early spring of 2001, a resounding name-"Guangzhou University Town" was born on a land of 43.3 square kilometers in Xiaoguwei Island and its south bank area in Panyu. Young students from all over the country set sail here. Zhuang Kai, a senior studying in Guangzhou University Town, said that he fell in love with it as soon as he stepped into the University Town. The resources of the whole university town can be shared. He can usually go to the school next door to listen to the lectures he is interested in, or go to his school to listen to music and appreciate art. "actually,I didn’t go to one university, but many universities. In 2000, Guangzhou University was formed by the merger of five universities, including Guangzhou Normal University, Guangzhou Education College and former Guangzhou University. Professor Yuan Qifeng, the main planner and planning expert, once said that Guangzhou University Town is a late one in the national upsurge of university town construction, but it is also the most successful one, which is in good agreement with Guangdong’s economic development. Today, Guangzhou University Town has gathered 12 colleges and universities with about 180,000 college students, making it the largest university town in China. On September 1, 2022, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou) opened its classes in Nansha, Guangzhou. This is the first mainland-Hong Kong cooperative education institution with independent legal personality approved since the release of the Outline of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Development Plan, and it has become the epitome of the vigorous development of Guangzhou’s higher education. Education thrives on cities, and cities thrive on education. For a long time, Guangzhou education has been pursuing fairness, Excellence, vitality, innovation, openness and tolerance in the continuous reform, and has jointly written a new chapter in the high-quality economic and social development of Guangzhou and even Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. In 1952, South China Agricultural University was established by the merger of the Agricultural College of Sun Yat-sen University and the Agricultural College of Lingnan University. In 1984, it was renamed as the Anther Atmosphere of South China Agricultural University, with clouds and sand flowing in the water. Zhiying Road is connected with Yinhuang, and if you are a guest, you will attack the bullfight. -Song Xu Yanxian’s day in the sea is rotten like a red city. Who can shape the vegetation, poetry and letters have China. —— Qing Chen Li’s destiny in the afterlife is bright and dark, and the rise and fall of talents is manifested in politics.I’m learning. -Qing Zhang Zhidong

Original pediatric doctor Yan, pediatric doctor Yan

When I meet a baby with cough and wheezing, the first thing I think of is bronchiolitis (also called bronchiolitis), especially in winter and spring clinics.

Although bronchiolitis is not strictly pneumonia, it is difficult to manage, which is mainly related to its special lesion location and pathogenic pathogens.

01

bronchiolitis

The bronchioles are located at the end of the bronchi (below ⑤, close to the alveolar ducts), and then down are the alveolar ducts and alveoli.

The respiratory tract of young children (especially infants under one year old) is relatively narrow, and local inflammation and exudation of bronchioles can easily cause lumen blockage, hinder air from entering and leaving alveoli, and even lead to hypoxia and dyspnea in severe cases.

The symptoms of children with bronchiolitis have their own characteristics, so that clinical diagnosis can be made through symptoms and signs.

Early symptoms are mild, such as runny nose, stuffy nose, cough, and some have low fever, just like the common cold.

Different from the common cold, children with bronchiolitis have frequent cough and asthma in about 2-3 days, some have shortness of breath and inspiratory depression, and some have severe dyspnea.

Then there is a long recovery period.

Although most children can recover by themselves (the course of disease is self-limited), some need hospitalization management and even use ventilator because of severe respiratory distress.

Bronchiolitis is mostly caused by virus infection, and there is usually no targeted antiviral drug, so it can only be treated symptomatically, and then the child can carry it by himself.

The main management measures include cleaning nasal secretions, ensuring liquid intake, high-flow oxygen inhalation and auxiliary ventilation when necessary.

Aerosol inhalation of bronchodilators (salbutamol, bricanyl) and corticosteroids (budesonide) has no obvious effect on bronchiolitis, and it is usually not routinely used continuously. Unless it is observed that the symptoms of cough and asthma in children are obviously relieved after atomization inhalation, they can continue, otherwise it is recommended to stop.

It is precisely because the drug treatment of bronchiolitis is limited, so the focus of management is not how to give drugs to children, but to guide parents.

For example, guide parents to care at home, observe the progress of the disease, identify severe cases, and let parents know that the next course of disease may be longer, so they must be psychologically prepared. Otherwise, children will face excessive intervention.

02

Significance of pathogen detection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen causing bronchiolitis. In addition, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection can all cause bronchiolitis.

If the child has typical bronchiolitis symptoms, it is unnecessary to check the pathogen. Because even if the pathogen is known, there is usually no antiviral method. But many times, I will choose to check.

Why check? Mainly to facilitate communication with parents.

For example, cough and asthma in children with bronchiolitis lasts for a long time, which may be several weeks, and has no obvious expected effect on many treatment methods including atomized inhalation. In this case, parents are inevitably anxious.

Parents are anxious and will try their best to control their children’s symptoms. They may take their children to see a doctor repeatedly, and the children will face more medication. In addition, repeated exposure to medical institutions will increase the risk of nosocomial infection.

And a clear result of pathogenic examination (such as detecting a virus) can alleviate parents’ anxiety to a certain extent and facilitate communication between doctors and patients.

Therefore, in the clinic, when a child is suspected of bronchiolitis, I usually suggest a rapid antigen test for nasopharyngeal swab RSV first (RSV is chosen because it is the most likely and the rapid antigen test is very convenient).

If it is positive, inform the parents of the main points of home management, the possibility of facing a longer course of disease, and avoiding the abuse of antibiotics during this period, so that parents can be mentally prepared.

You see, proper auxiliary examination is actually to protect children.

However, RSV is only the most common virus that causes bronchiolitis. At work, children with typical bronchiolitis symptoms will also be encountered, but RSV is negative. How to manage it?

03

A case

Next, share a case. Before sharing, as usual, I would like to thank my parents for their permission.

This 11-month-old baby was the last patient on the afternoon of December 1st. Before coming to my clinic, the course of cough was nearly ten days, and I have been treated twice in other hospitals. In the clinic, the child coughed violently and vomited several times, with obvious asthma, shortness of breath and inspiratory depression, and fever.

Hormones and bronchodilators have been atomized and inhaled at home, and the symptoms are not obviously relieved.

I did a rapid RSV antigen test first, and the result was negative.

Although the child has shortness of breath and inspiratory depression, the degree is not serious and the oxygen saturation is still in the normal range.

Although coughing leads to vomiting and affects eating, there is no dehydration;

Although low fever, but the overall state is not bad, willing to interact with others, no symptoms of infection and poisoning;

Most importantly, my mother has a certain ability to observe the changes of diseases. Although she is anxious, she is not particularly anxious.

I evaluate that the child has not reached the indication of hospitalization at present, and there is no clear manifestation of bacterial infection. The high probability is still viral infection. After taking a throat swab sample and doing targeted sequencing, he didn’t prescribe medicine, so he was told to go home for observation and follow up online. I also repeatedly reminded that if the symptoms get worse, I need to be hospitalized.

To tell the truth, when the patient’s family was ready to leave the clinic after the visit, I was really sorry when my mother asked the children to wave goodbye to me. Coming from other places, the total cost of consultation and laboratory test is more than 1,500 yuan. I didn’t prescribe any medicine, and I didn’t know the pathogen. I went home empty-handed, and the future course of my illness is still unclear, which is really worrying.

On the second day, I contacted my parents by phone. The parents reported that they still coughed and vomited, but the frequency was less, my temperature was normal, I could eat something, and my urine volume was normal.

On the afternoon of the third day, targeted sequencing showed that the sample contained high concentration of human metapneumovirus, and cytomegalovirus was detected.

Combined with the symptoms of the child, I think the child is bronchiolitis caused by human metapneumovirus infection. As for the detected cytomegalovirus, it is considered to be carried in the pharynx (previous infection).

Because my home is out of town, I didn’t ask my parents to take her back to the clinic for follow-up, and I kept in touch by phone all the time.

Fortunately, the symptoms behind this child gradually eased, and it was not until mid-December that there was basically no cough, but there was phlegm in the throat from time to time. The total course of disease is more than 3 weeks, which accords with the characteristics of classic bronchiolitis.

04

Human metapneumovirus

Everyone should be unfamiliar with human metapneumovirus, and the doctor’s knowledge is likely to stay at the textbook level, because this pathogen is not checked at ordinary times and there is a lack of perceptual knowledge.

With the targeted sequencing in our outpatient department, many children were found to be infected with this virus. I thought it was a little strange at first, but if you look up the relevant information, you will find that you are rare and strange. I didn’t know it before, but I just didn’t have the ability to test it.

In 2001, Dutch virologist Bernadette G. van den Hoogen and his colleagues isolated a new virus from the respiratory secretions of 28 young children, named human metapneumovirus, hMPV).

HMPV belongs to pneumoviridae. Pneumoviridae is named because its viruses are related to respiratory diseases of people or other animals, and the most famous one is RSV.

HMPV is distributed all over the world, and is often prevalent in winter/spring in temperate regions, overlapping with RSV and flu seasons.

Serological studies show that hMPV has spread for at least 60 years. By the age of five, almost all children in the world have been infected, which is considered to be the common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children (second only to RSV in some areas).

Although infection is common in early life, reinfection is also common in older children and adults. Reinfection is mostly mild infection, such as common cold symptoms, but the risk of serious diseases will increase when reinfection occurs in immunocompromised people or the elderly.

HMPV may be transmitted by contact with virus-containing secretions, droplets, large aerosol particles or pollutants.

05

Symptom

The symptom characteristics and severity of hMPV are similar to RSV, so I often mistake hMPV infection in children for RSV infection.

Like RSV, the common symptoms of children infected with hMPV are fever, cough, runny nose and stuffy nose, and nearly half of young children may have asthma. A few patients may have acute laryngitis.

If hMPV only affects the upper respiratory tract, the symptoms are like common cold, such as mild fever, runny nose, stuffy nose, sore throat, cough and headache, which usually disappear in about a week.

However, hMPV is not very friendly to children and the elderly, and may spread to the lower respiratory tract. Infants infected with hMPV are prone to bronchiolitis, and the symptoms described in the first part of this paper, "Bronchiolitis", appear.

Some children with hMPV infection need hospitalization because of severe respiratory distress or inability to eat effectively with dehydration.

06

Severe risk

The risk of severe illness and hospitalization is significantly increased in the following groups:

Premature infants (gestational age ≤36 weeks)

Low birth weight infants (birth weight less than 2500g)

Infants under 1 year old

Chronic lung diseases (especially bronchopulmonary dysplasia)

Abnormal anatomical structure of airway

Congenital heart disease (with significant hemodynamic abnormalities)

Immune hypofunction

Nervous system diseases

Children with these high-risk factors need special attention, because their risk of adverse outcomes is significantly increased.

07

Treatment

Symptomatic treatment.

Use antipyretics to relieve discomfort caused by fever.

Clean nasal secretions to make children more comfortable and easy to eat and sleep.

Ensure liquid and energy intake and avoid dehydration.

Respiratory support: oxygen, assisted breathing.

Antiviral treatment.

Ribavirin and other antiviral drugs have been shown to be active against hMPV in vitro. However, there is no clinical data about the effect of ribavirin or other antiviral drugs on hMPV infection.

Therefore, antiviral drugs are not recommended for people infected with hMPV.

08

Epidemic vaccine

At present, there is no approved hMPV vaccine.

Moderna, an American pharmaceutical company, has developed a candidate vaccine against hMPV and conducted clinical trials.

As of October 2019, the candidate vaccine has passed the first phase of clinical trials. It is reported that the vaccine is well tolerated at all dosage levels within two months, and it stimulates immune response and produces neutralizing antibodies.

09

Total knot

Whether it is RSV, hMPV, or bronchiolitis caused by Boca virus, rhinovirus and parainfluenza virus, there is no difference in our management principles.

If you have the conditions to check, you can check the cause and find out hMPV, so don’t worry too much; If there is no condition to check, it can be diagnosed by symptoms and managed according to bronchiolitis.

The focus of management is still home care and observing the progress of the disease.

Original title: "Cough, asthma and fever, thought it was RSV infection, the result was human metapneumovirus, what should I do?" 》

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